{"id":3352,"date":"2020-11-04T19:07:36","date_gmt":"2020-11-04T18:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/?p=3352"},"modified":"2021-03-13T18:02:00","modified_gmt":"2021-03-13T17:02:00","slug":"jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/","title":{"rendered":"Jikjisa. Buddyzm genera\u0142a Parka"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&#8211; Interesuj\u0105 was zwi\u0105zki buddyzmu z polityk\u0105? Chyba mamy tu co\u015b, co was zainteresuje &#8211; obwie\u015bci\u0142a nam mniszka Dohyeon. Spotkali\u015bmy j\u0105 w \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jikjisa. Po\u0142o\u017cona w\u015br\u00f3d pachn\u0105cego, sosnowego lasu jest jedn\u0105 z najpi\u0119kniejszych jakie widzia\u0142em. Jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c jedn\u0105 z najstarszych, bowiem pochodzi z V wieku. Dohyon zaprowadzi\u0142a nas do jednego z wielu pomniejszych pawilon\u00f3w. W \u015brodku od razu rzuci\u0142 si\u0119 nam w oczy o\u0142tarzyk po\u015bwi\u0119cony genera\u0142owi Park Chung-hee i jego \u017conie. Przypomnijmy, Park jest bardzo kontrowersyjn\u0105 postaci\u0105. Jego rz\u0105dy (1960-79) wi\u0105\u017c\u0105 si\u0119 zar\u00f3wno ze wzrostem ekonomicznym kraju, jak i licznymi represjami politycznymi. Dla wielu Korea\u0144czyk\u00f3w tego typu scena (portret autokraty w \u015bwi\u0105tyni) jest oburzaj\u0105ca, ale znajd\u0105 si\u0119 te\u017c i obro\u0144cy. Ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 przypomina o silnych zwi\u0105zkach buddyzmu z pa\u0144stwem w czasie rz\u0105d\u00f3w Parka.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3676\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3676\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3676\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/img_9902\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"IMG_9902\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902-1000x667.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3676\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9902-920x613.jpg 920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3676\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park wraz z \u017con\u0105 w \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jikjisa. Na g\u00f3rze wizerunki rodzic\u00f3w genera\u0142a.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nie wiemy wiele o prywatnych wierzeniach genera\u0142a. Wiele wskazuje, \u017ce kierowa\u0142 nim pragmatyzm w stosunku do religii, cho\u0107 buddyzm z pewno\u015bci\u0105 by\u0142 mu bliski. Cho\u0107by z tego powodu, \u017ce praktykuj\u0105c\u0105 buddystk\u0105 by\u0142a jego \u017cona. Z pewno\u015bci\u0105 przebieg\u0142y Park dobrze wiedzia\u0142, jak porusza\u0107 si\u0119 w buddyjskim \u015bwiecie i jak wykorzysta\u0107 buddyzm do w\u0142asnych cel\u00f3w. Promowa\u0142 rodzaj buddyjskiego patriotyzmu, odwo\u0142uj\u0105c si\u0119 do wojowniczych mnich\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rych nie brak w historii kraju. Szczeg\u00f3lnie bliska by\u0142a mu ideologia <em>hoguk bulgyo <\/em>(\ud638\uad6d\ubd88\uad50, dos\u0142ownie \u201ebuddyzm w obronie kraju\u201d), maj\u0105ca znaczenie w kr\u00f3lestwie Silla (57 p.n.e.- 935).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3679\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3679\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3679\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/114b6244506a1b3f0f\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/114B6244506A1B3F0F.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"400,303\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"114B6244506A1B3F0F\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/114B6244506A1B3F0F.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3679\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/114B6244506A1B3F0F.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"758\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3679\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genera\u0142 w towarzystwie mnicha <br \/>\u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: http:\/\/blog.daum.net\/mindle49\/18312364?fbclid=IwAR2pLfNCClkfh1NA1iZWPvkKbmcmPTfFuj6S_DFRG19afHFhmojwdYc7lAQ<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Rz\u0105d Parka przeznacza\u0142 znaczne \u015brodki na rekonstrukcje \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144, kt\u00f3re uleg\u0142y powa\u017cnym zniszczeniom w skutek wojny korea\u0144skiej. Sam genera\u0142 ch\u0119tnie odwiedza\u0142 klasztory i nadzorowa\u0142 prace budowalne, a nawet ozdabia\u0142 pawilony w\u0142asn\u0105 kaligrafi\u0105. Ich wyb\u00f3r nie by\u0142 przypadkowy. W Jikjisa taka kaligrafia znalaz\u0142a si\u0119 nad pawilonem po\u015bwi\u0119conym mnichowi Samyeongowi (1544\u20131610). Park otworzy\u0142 r\u00f3wnie\u017c po\u015bwi\u0119con\u0105 mu sal\u0119 pami\u0119ci w miejscu jego pustelni, kt\u00f3r\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c mieli\u015bmy okazj\u0119 zobaczy\u0107 odwiedzaj\u0105c \u015bwi\u0105tyni\u0119 Haeinsa. Samyeong i Hyujeong (1520-1604) byli idealnymi archetypami patriotycznych mnich\u00f3w, tak bardzo potrzebnymi militarnej propagandzie kraju. Obaj walczyli zbrojnie z japo\u0144skim naje\u017ad\u017ac\u0105 w czasie tzw. wojny Imjin w XVI wieku. Jak mo\u017cna si\u0119 spodziewa\u0107, mnisi pacyfi\u015bci zostali wy\u0142\u0105czeni z prawicowych hagiografii.<\/p>\n<div data-carousel-extra='{&quot;blog_id&quot;:2,&quot;permalink&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/&quot;}' id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3352 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/330px-%ec%82%ac%eb%aa%85%eb%8b%b9%eb%8c%80%ec%84%a0%ec%82%ac\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/330px-\uc0ac\uba85\ub2f9\ub300\uc120\uc0ac.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3673\" data-attachment-id=\"3673\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/330px-%ec%82%ac%eb%aa%85%eb%8b%b9%eb%8c%80%ec%84%a0%ec%82%ac\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/330px-\uc0ac\uba85\ub2f9\ub300\uc120\uc0ac.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"330,500\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"330px-\uc0ac\uba85\ub2f9\ub300\uc120\uc0ac\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Samyeongdang \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yujeong&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/330px-\uc0ac\uba85\ub2f9\ub300\uc120\uc0ac.jpg\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3673'>\n\t\t\t\tSamyeongdang \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yujeong\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/portrait_of_seosan_daesa-cheonghodang\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"628\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Portrait_of_Seosan_Daesa-Cheonghodang.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-3674\" data-attachment-id=\"3674\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/portrait_of_seosan_daesa-cheonghodang\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Portrait_of_Seosan_Daesa-Cheonghodang.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"450,628\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Portrait_of_Seosan_Daesa-Cheonghodang\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Hyujeong  \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyujeong &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Portrait_of_Seosan_Daesa-Cheonghodang.jpg\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-3674'>\n\t\t\t\tHyujeong  \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyujeong \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Innym przejawem buddyjskich dzia\u0142alno\u015bci prezydenta by\u0142o ufundowanie przez niego Akademii Hwarang w pobli\u017cu Gyeongju. Idea <em>hwarang<\/em> pochodzi ze staro\u017cytnej pracy Samguk Yusa (1281 r., dos\u0142. <em>Legendy trzech kr\u00f3lestw<\/em>). Tekst opisywa\u0142 elitarny oddzia\u0142 z czas\u00f3w dynastii Silla, w kt\u00f3rym kultywowano cnoty buddyjskie i sztuk\u0119 militarn\u0105. W latach 40. dw\u00f3ch braci Lee Joo-bang i Lee Joo-sang odwo\u0142uj\u0105c si\u0119 do tej tradycji, stworzyli jej w\u0142asn\u0105 rekonstrukcj\u0119. Otworzona w Gyeongju akademia mia\u0142a promowa\u0107 ide\u0119 w formie patriotycznej. Upraszczaj\u0105c, jej celem by\u0142o tworzenie lojalnych wobec pa\u0144stwa boj\u00f3wek.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3670\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3670\" style=\"width: 599px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3670\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/kci-1981-06-cov\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/KcI-1981-06-Cov.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"599,820\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;HP Scanjet 8300&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/KcI-1981-06-Cov.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3670 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/KcI-1981-06-Cov.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/KcI-1981-06-Cov.jpg 599w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/KcI-1981-06-Cov-561x768.jpg 561w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3670\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lee Joo-Bang, za\u0142o\u017cyciel wspieranej przez genera\u0142a Parka szko\u0142y sztuk walk hwarang, na ok\u0142adce czasopisma Kick o sztukach walki z lat 70. \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o: https:\/\/ma-mags.com\/Mags\/KcI\/KcI%201981-06%20Cov.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>W okresie rz\u0105d\u00f3w Parka obowi\u0105zek wojskowej s\u0142u\u017cby obj\u0105\u0142 r\u00f3wnie\u017c mnich\u00f3w buddyjskich, do tej pory z niej wy\u0142\u0105czonych. W\u0142adze zignorowa\u0142y regu\u0142y zakonne. Pomimo \u015blub\u00f3w o powstrzymywaniu si\u0119 od zabijania i krzywdzenia, wielu mnich\u00f3w zosta\u0142o wys\u0142anych na wojn\u0119 w Wietnamie. Mnisi zmuszeni byli te\u017c do \u0142amania innych zasad, przede wszystkim dotycz\u0105cych diety (w szkole Jogye obowi\u0105zuje zakaz spo\u017cywania mi\u0119sa, alkoholu, ale te\u017c czosnku i cebuli). Genera\u0142 przywr\u00f3ci\u0142 prawo z okresu japo\u0144skiego kolonializmu, kt\u00f3re nakazywa\u0142o opatom klasztor\u00f3w co roku odnawia\u0107 przysi\u0119g\u0119 wierno\u015bci wobec ojczyzny. Ka\u017cda wi\u0119ksza \u015bwi\u0105tynia mia\u0142a r\u00f3wnie\u017c przypisanego oficera-agenta, dokumentuj\u0105cego dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 mnich\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3678\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3678\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3678\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/img_9933\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Fot. Roman Husarski\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933-1000x667.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3678\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9933-920x613.jpg 920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3678\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fot. R. Husarski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dzia\u0142ania Parka by\u0142y sukcesem. \u015awiat buddyjski by\u0142 w\u0142adzy podporz\u0105dkowany do tego stopnia, \u017ce nazywano genera\u0142a &#8222;boddhisattw\u0105&#8221;, a w B\u0142\u0119kitnym Domu mnisi regularnie odprawiali poranne rytua\u0142y pomy\u015blno\u015bci dla prezydenta. Pomimo tego ma\u0142a grupka duchownych pr\u00f3bowa\u0142a si\u0119 postawi\u0107 w\u0142adzy. Mistrz Ilt ze \u015bwi\u0105tyni Haeinsa wola\u0142 obci\u0105\u0107 sobie cztery palce prawej d\u0142oni ni\u017c odby\u0107 s\u0142u\u017cb\u0119 wojskow\u0105. Na t\u0105 strategi\u0119 odwa\u017cy\u0142o si\u0119 niewielu mnich\u00f3w. Niekt\u00f3rzy wybrali ucieczk\u0119 i schronienie w g\u00f3rskich pustelniach. Znanym krytykiem genera\u0142a by\u0142 Beopjeong (<a href=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/01\/14\/gilsangsa-spotkanie-buddyzmu-z-katolicyzmem\/\">mi\u0142o\u015bnik nie-posiadania i ekumenista)<\/a>. W\u0142adze wywar\u0142y naciski na szko\u0142\u0119 Jogye, kt\u00f3ra zabroni\u0142a mu publikowa\u0107 i zmusi\u0142a do izolacji w pustelni. Do ko\u0144ca rz\u0105d\u00f3w Parka jego wszystkie ksi\u0105\u017cki by\u0142y zakazane.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3677\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3677\" style=\"width: 1500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3677\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/img_9912\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Fot. Roman Husarski\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912-1000x667.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3677 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9912-920x613.jpg 920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3677\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fot. R. Husarski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dzi\u015b wp\u0142ywy buddyzmu na polityk\u0119 zosta\u0142y znacznie os\u0142abione, a szko\u0142a Jogye zastanawia si\u0119, co zrobi\u0107 z k\u0142opotliwym dziedzictwem. Mniszka Dohyeon przyznaje, \u017ce pawilon, kt\u00f3ry widzieli\u015bmy, jest prawdopodobnie ostatnim tego typu w ca\u0142ym kraju. Nie jestem tego ca\u0142kiem pewien. Jeszcze do niedawna czterdzie\u015bci dwie \u015bwi\u0105tynie wystawia\u0142y portret prezydenta. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 mnich\u00f3w wci\u0105\u017c darzy genera\u0142a sympati\u0105 i jest wdzi\u0119czna za uzyskan\u0105 pomoc. Patriotyczny buddyzm w dalszym ci\u0105gu jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 \u015bwiata zakonnej wsp\u00f3lnoty. Spoziera na nas z monument\u00f3w postawionych walcz\u0105cym mnichom, tablic pami\u0105tkowych i ozdobnych kaligrafii genera\u0142a w ca\u0142ym kraju.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3667\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3667\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3667\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/park-z-bulkuksa\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Park-z-Bulkuksa.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,448\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Park z Bulkuksa\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Jedn\u0105 z \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144, kt\u00f3ra by\u0142a oczkiem w g\u0142owie genera\u0142a by\u0142a Bulguksa. &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Park-z-Bulkuksa.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3667\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Park-z-Bulkuksa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Park-z-Bulkuksa.jpg 800w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/Park-z-Bulkuksa-768x430.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3667\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park pomi\u0119dzy wielkimi postaciami buddyzmu w \u015bwi\u0105tyni Bulguksa\u00a0<br \/>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: http:\/\/www.ohmynews.com\/NWS_Web\/View\/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002042280<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Je\u015bli zdecydujecie si\u0119 na wycieczk\u0119 do Daegu, to zach\u0119camy do wizyty w dw\u00f3ch wspomnianych \u015bwi\u0105tyniach, kt\u00f3re znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w pobli\u017cu miasta. Pierwsza to s\u0142ynna Haeinsa, czyli jedna z najs\u0142ynniejszych, buddyjskich \u015bwi\u0105ty\u0144 w Korei, w kt\u00f3rej przechowywana jest Tripitaka (81 350 drewnianych tabliczek z wypisanymi sutrami z ko\u0144c\u00f3wki XIV wieku). Niestety tablice schowane s\u0105 w ciemnym pawilonie, do kt\u00f3rego mo\u017cna zajrze\u0107 wy\u0142\u0105cznie przez w\u0105skie, zakratowane okna, wi\u0119c bardziej trzeba je sobie wyobrazi\u0107 ni\u017c faktycznie ma si\u0119 mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 ich zobaczenia. Przy \u015bwi\u0105tyni znajduje si\u0119 trasa turystyczna Sound Road. \u015acie\u017cka jest dziecinnie prosta, a naprawd\u0119 malownicza. Druga to du\u017co spokojniejsza Jikjisa. Mo\u017cna w niej odby\u0107 trening medytacji i warsztaty herbaciane. Nie zapomnijcie pozdrowi\u0107 od nas mniszk\u0119 Dohyeon!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3671\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3671\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3671\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/img_9959-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Fot. Roman Husarski\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;G\u00f3rski strumie\u0144 przy \u015bwi\u0105tyni Haeinsa&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959-1000x667.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3671\" src=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/11\/IMG_9959-920x613.jpg 920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3671\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">G\u00f3rski strumie\u0144 przy \u015bwi\u0105tyni Haeinsa <br \/>Fot. R. Husarski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Dla g\u0142odnych wiedzy:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cho H.S. (2014). <em>Hangug sachal wae ilae, 'bagtong&#8217; yeongjeong naegeon kkadalg-i <\/em>[Co jest nie tak z korea\u0144skimi \u015bwi\u0105tyniami? Wizerunki prezydenta Parka w \u015bwi\u0105tyniach], http:\/\/www.bulkyo21.com\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=23963<\/p>\n<p>S\u00f8rensen, H. H. (2008). \u2018Protecting the Nation\u2019: Korean Buddhism under the Rule of Park Chung Hee, 1961\u201379. In\u00a0<i>Korea: The Past and the Present (2 vols)<\/i>\u00a0(pp. 191-204). Global Oriental.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lokalizacja \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jikjisa (\uc9c1\uc9c0\uc0ac)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/map.kakao.com\/?itemId=8095894&amp;fbclid=IwAR3u7XkCekCddKPqV5W9gb2HMnxJwdJpAIEhyaj04gUliUBrsVsTk_Ojqek\">KAKAO MAPS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lokalizacja \u015bwi\u0105tyni Haeinsa (\ud574\uc778\uc0ac)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/map.kakao.com\/?itemId=8151122&amp;fbclid=IwAR03mvaF5WT6pqq5G084en0jElegaCDEr82Qejqkn_iX3O_c3TAsvtQuQxU\">KAKAO MAPS<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8211; Interesuj\u0105 was zwi\u0105zki buddyzmu z polityk\u0105? Chyba mamy tu co\u015b, co was zainteresuje &#8211; obwie\u015bci\u0142a nam mniszka Dohyeon. Spotkali\u015bmy j\u0105 w \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jikjisa. Po\u0142o\u017cona w\u015br\u00f3d pachn\u0105cego, sosnowego lasu jest jedn\u0105 z najpi\u0119kniejszych jakie widzia\u0142em. Jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c jedn\u0105 z najstarszych, bowiem pochodzi z V wieku. Dohyon zaprowadzi\u0142a nas do jednego z wielu pomniejszych pawilon\u00f3w. W &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3676,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[18],"tags":[165,340,285],"class_list":["post-3352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-korea-poludniowa","tag-buddyzm","tag-korea-beyond-k-pop","tag-park-chung-hee"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jikjisa. 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Buddyzm genera\u0142a Parka - W\u0142\u00f3czykij - Roman Husarski","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/wloczykij.org\/blog\/2020\/11\/04\/jikjisa-buddyzm-generala-parka\/","og_locale":"pl_PL","og_type":"article","og_title":"Jikjisa. Buddyzm genera\u0142a Parka - W\u0142\u00f3czykij - Roman Husarski","og_description":"&#8211; Interesuj\u0105 was zwi\u0105zki buddyzmu z polityk\u0105? Chyba mamy tu co\u015b, co was zainteresuje &#8211; obwie\u015bci\u0142a nam mniszka Dohyeon. Spotkali\u015bmy j\u0105 w \u015bwi\u0105tyni Jikjisa. Po\u0142o\u017cona w\u015br\u00f3d pachn\u0105cego, sosnowego lasu jest jedn\u0105 z najpi\u0119kniejszych jakie widzia\u0142em. Jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c jedn\u0105 z najstarszych, bowiem pochodzi z V wieku. Dohyon zaprowadzi\u0142a nas do jednego z wielu pomniejszych pawilon\u00f3w. 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